These guidelines concern three issues:
- Which clinical signs and/or laboratory values should lead to oesophageal and gastroduodenal imaging or endoscopy, and which form of investigation should be used?
- What are the upper gastrointestinal indications for diagnosis and follow-up of gastro-oesophageal reflux, ulcers, and portal hypertension without bleeding?
- What are the indications for duodenal biopsy?
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